INTRODUCING MATTATHIAS. they chose to die. That is, men of Israel came forth. Antiochus persecutes the Jewish people. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. He reports the calamities the Jewish people experience on account of their sins, while also stressing the role played by God in his providence, who watches over them as he promised he would (cf. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. That is, about 168 BC. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. The contest which he describes is a struggle, not simply between Jew and Gentile, but between those who would uphold the law and those, Jews or Gentiles, who would destroy it. hanged their babes about their necks. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCBs) mission is to encounter the mercy of Christ and to accompany His people with joy. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. VERSE 56. . In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. VERSE 2. It came to pass, after that Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who came out of the land of Chittim, and struck Darius king of the Persians and Medes, it came to pass, after he had struck him, that he reigned in his stead, in former time, over Greece. George Leo Haydock. He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Judea, Galilee, and their environs, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. They are Jewish people who do not observe the Law. And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. It was included in standard printed Christian Bibles in the deuterocanon section. each should forsake his own laws. After a short introduction the book describes the Jewish uprising against Antiochus, whose persecution led to the desecration of the Temple. 2 He fought many battles, captured fortresses, and put the kings of the earth to death. 1 Maccabees 1:54. Unless otherwise noted, all Bible quotations on this page are from the World English Bible and the World Messianic Edition. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. 2 Kings. The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. After the episode of Heliodorus (3:1-40), the writer lays great emphasis on the inviolate sanctity of the Temple and implies that Antiochus suffers the terrible death he does suffer because of his profanation of it. put to shame and fled. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. 3He advanced to the ends of the earth, and plundered many nations. Modin. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. The name Maccabee, probably meaning hammer, is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1Mc 2:4, 66; 2Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16). [41] The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). The school of philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees is often thought to be a predecessor to the philosophy of the Sadducees in later eras. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 B.C.E., emphasizing how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through the family of a zealous priest named Mattathias, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. He even attempts to force Jewish leaders to sacrifice to pagan idols. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. [14][15] Various reconstructions have been proposed: Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans". Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. VERSE 29. Updates? The second book is not a sequel to 1 Maccabees; it partially covers the same history (176 - 160 b.c.). were recognized by the Fathers as inspired, there is an interim stage where souls are purified. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. [38] Various passages call back to Biblical passages such as Joshua's conquests or the battle of David and Goliath and equate the Hasmoneans' deeds with the earlier stories. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. 1 Maccabees describes the response of one family to these events. VERSE 4. and he gathered together an exceedingly strong army, and ruled over countries and nations and principalities, and they became tributary to him. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. That is, he spoke deceitfully. And they built the city of David with a great and strong wall, with strong towers, and it became to them a citadel. Did you read anything in the book that touched you, expanded your faith or made you think more deeply about your life and how you live it. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. Updates? According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. (He had previously become king of Greece.) Not only the leaders, but also circumcised infants and their mothers are killed as a warning to others. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. His purpose in writing is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62)especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. they made themselves uncircumcised. More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. 12:1-23). VERSE 1. And it was the chief propaganda instrument of those non-practicing Jews who were trying to introduce Gentile customs into Israel. Ptolemy supposedly threatened the Jews with loss of citizenship after Palestinian Jews refused to permit him to enter the sanctuary of the Temple of Jerusalem. [64], The Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.[65]. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. VERSE 64. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. 1 Kings. 1:9). Chapter 16. The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women, and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. The people of Israel have been specially chosen by the one true God as covenant-partner, and they alone are privileged to know and worship God, their eternal benefactor and unfailing source of help. He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work Jewish Antiquities, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as Nicolaus of Damascus. That is, about 176 BC. [13] The word "Maccabees" in plural, however, does not appear to have been used until centuries after the Maccabean Revolt. 2He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. [7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. 2 Chronicles. British and Foreign Bible Society operates in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.We also work with a network of local Bible Societies around the world. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.[25]. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. There is a faithful remnant. An unknown editor, the Epitomist, used the factual notes of a historian, Jason of Cyrene, to write this historical polemic. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). Some even engage in foreskin restoration. The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. One is that it was simply "too new," dealing with a period several centuries after the traditional end of Jewish prophecy. he shall die. That is, a gymnasium. It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. Chapter 14 also features a long panegyric praising Simon as a worthy leader.[10]. came there forth out of Israel. III Maccabees has no relation to the other three books of Maccabees, all of which deal with the revolt of Judaea against Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Experts date the original Hebrew text sometime in the late second century B.C.E. Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. The Book of 1 Maccabees CPDV summary. The book is held as canonical scripture today in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo). It is probably a Greek translation of a Hebrew account of Israel's independence struggle between 174 and 134 bc.Similarly little is known about the author of 2 Maccabees, although it is clear that he was not the same person as the author of 1 Maccabees. In any case, the name later came to be used for Judah's brothers as as a family name, as well as to each of the books of "Maccabee. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. VERSE 8. The book 2 Maccabees, preserved right next to 1 Maccabees in the Septuagint, provides a striking contrast in theology, and the works are often compared. These translations have no copyright restrictions. The [] Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. According to her glory, so was her dishonor multiplied, and her high estate was turned into mourning. perhaps even Sadducean, tendency interpenetrates the entire work" (Fischer, 4:441) and the "author of 1 Maccabees identifies unreservedly with the rebels and their leaders." (Efron, 47; Sievers, 2). By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . It is accepted in the Catholic and Orthodox canons. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. Hope for life beyond death enabled the people of God to commit their lives fully to the God who had called them, even when this seemed of no benefit in worldly terms. First Maccabees was written about 100 B.C., in Hebrew, but the original has not come down to us. [28] Verses 2332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. First Maccabees (written circa 134-104 BCE and describing the period of 166-135 BCE) is devoted to presenting the Maccabean dynasty, from Mattathias through his son Judah, to Jonathan and Simon who became high priests and gained political independence.. First Maccabees was written in Hebrew (though it is only preserved today in Greek) for a Judean audience in a Biblical style that emphasizes . 1 and 2 Maccabees tell the same story in two different ways. Buy Also Available At: . Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. He then calls forth the people to holy war against the Gentiles and their Jewish collaborators. And wherever was found with any a book of the covenant, and if any consented to the law, the kings sentence delivered him to death. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension . Attempts to discredit the work as essentially fiction have been discounted even by strongly critical scholars today. The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late 2nd century BC. 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". The time period described is from around 170 BC to 134 BC. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. [11][12], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. Uriel Rappaport calls it emblematic of Hasmonean politics in general: that the Hasmonean state was an explicitly Jewish one that sought to separate itself from polytheism, yet was pragmatic and sought allies where they could be found.[9]. In this connection it gives a very moving account of the martyrdom of seven brothers, whose names are unknown but who are popularly called the Maccabees (2 Mac 7:1 ff). For some more Biblical back history about the Exile and return of the Jews from Babylonian Exile, please read 2 Kings (Chapter 20:12-18), 2 Kings (Chapter 25), Jeremiah, Ezra, and Nehemiah. First Maccabees gives a detailed account of the struggle in Palestine over a period of fifty years, from the time Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to the throne up to the death of Simon, the last of the Maccabee brothers (134 B.C.). 1 Maccabees covers the period of 175 BCE to 134 BCE. 1 Maccabees follows this story until the death of Simon (the third son of Mattathias to rule over Israel) at the hands of the some Egyptian Greeks (from about 175-134 bc). The Writer gives his final summary. The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. the hundred and forty and third year. He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. Purpose of The Book of 1 Maccabees: The purpose in writing 1 Maccabees Book is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62) - especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Finally, there is the issue of its revolutionary character. Throughout the early Christian period, IV Maccabees was wrongly attributed to Josephus. Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they have been lost. [29] Jewish historian Uriel Rappaport[he] asserts that "the majority of scholars today accept the authenticity of this document". The victory of the Jews over their Greek oppressors loomed large in the popular imagination of the Jews of Jesus day. Although 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew (some you can tell from the sentence structure) it exists now only in Greek. Were there any parts of the book that you particularly liked or which inspired you? The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and slaughtered the kings of the earth. The Second Book of the Maccabees. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture. It also asserts the resurrection of the just and tells us what we need to know about the fate of the unjust (7:9, 14,23,29; 14:46). Thus, for example, in 2 Maccabees 12:43 there is Judas act of faith in the resurrection and salvation of his fallen soldiers, but he realizes that they must atone for their sins in the next life, and he wishes to help them in this and asks for prayers from the living. The First Book of Maccabees, originally written in Hebrew during the last part of thesecond century b.c.e.,1 can be read, among other things, as the story of the 1 CarlL.W. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). Judas's Maccabee title is generally tied to the Aramaic word maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer", in recognition of his prowess in battle. Pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus and 1 maccabees summary shmoop many nations 4 he. 1 Maccabees describes the Jewish uprising against Antiochus, whose persecution led to the idols, told! 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