how to worship quetzalcoatl

While the inhabitants of Teotihuacan were the first ones to worship Quetzalcoatl, the Aztecs reinterpreted him over time. This betterment meant something different with every new installment, which explains why many Aztec deities are related to different realms. Looking at the iconography and retold myths of Mesoamerica, some historians have theories that Quetzalcoatl came to be associated with culture and urban civilization. Indeed, Quetzalcoatl was born. Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. To create humans, Quetzalcoatl had to go into the Underworld and collect some bones. Welcome. [32][33][34][35][36] Most documents expounding this theory are of entirely Spanish origin, such as Corts's letters to Charles V of Spain, in which Corts goes to great pains to present the naive gullibility of the Aztecs in general as a great aid in the conquest of the Aztec Empire. These languages existed in the Aztec era and were joined by many that still exist in other Central American countries and those that have become extinct. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. Quetzalcoatl is a form of one of Mesoamericas most wide-spread images. Often he is also represented as spider monkeys, ducks, and other animals or beings of nature. Quetzalcoatl, or Feathered Serpent, was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. And over the North presides the Black Tezcatlipoca, known by no other name than Tezcatlipoca, the god of judgment, night, deceit, sorcery and the Earth. Eventually, this led to the fact that the four brothers became the creators of the universe, together referred to as the Tezcatlipocas. Later, Xavier and the Aztecs summon Quetzalcoatl in his mortal form and wind up angering him after cutting him open. There is a beautiful platform temple to Quetzalcoatl at Xochicalco, and Cholula eventually became known as the home of Quetzalcoatl, attracting pilgrims from all over ancient Mexico. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice.Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. The colonization of Mesoamerica, or rather Abya Yala, has severely impacted the area where Quetzalcoatl was worshiped. The History of Guns, Greek Mythology: Stories, Characters, Gods, and Culture, Aztec Mythology: Important Stories and Characters, Greek Gods and Goddesses: Family Tree and Fun Facts, Roman Gods and Goddesses: The Names and Stories of 29 Ancient Roman Gods, How Quetzalcoatl Created and Sustained Humans, How Quetzalcoatl Became Part of the Tezcatlipocas, Aztec and Maya Serpent Imagery of Quetzalcoatl, Water Gods and Sea Gods From Around the World, Sun Gods: Ancient Solar Deities From Around the World, 10 Gods of Death and the Underworld From Around the World, Herne the Hunter: Spirit of Windsor Forest, Sif: The Golden-Haired Goddess of the Norse, iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order, US History Timeline: The Dates of Americas Journey, Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World, Why Are Hot Dogs Called Hot Dogs? There are several stories about the birth of Quetzalcoatl. [13] Furthermore, early Spanish sources written by clerics tend to identify the god-ruler Quetzalcoatl of these narratives with either Hernn Corts or Thomas the Apostleidentifications which have also become sources of a diversity of opinions about the nature of Quetzalcoatl. Remember, he has already been deemed a god. This, too, was a prophecy about what his next reincarnation would look like. The name Quetzalcoatl comes from this language and is most widely-used both because it was recorded by Spanish conquerors and because Nahuatl is still spoken by roughly 1.5 million people. Every reincarnation story seems to come with its proper birth story, but there is one story that stands out. This made it an important sign of fertility because it brought with it the rains that renewed the earth. Much of the idea of Corts being seen as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex written down some 50 years after the conquest. My work has also been published on Buzzfeed and most recently in Time magazine. So Quetzalcoatl is named after the thing he looks like, a feathered serpent deity. Mictlanteuctli and Mictlancihuatl, the two gods that ruled that realm, gave him a puzzle he was expected to complete before he could take the bones. Mictlantecuhtli was the Aztec god of death and the principle god of the underworld. Quetzalcoatl was also the patron of the priests and the title of the twin Aztec high priests. Quetzalcoatl is a Mesoamerican god whose name literally means feathered serpent. He would submerge himself in a highly flammable substance and set himself on fire, granting himself a place amongst the stars. And when the wind rose, when the dust rumbled, and it crack and there was a great din, became it became dark and the wind blew in many directions, and it thundered; then it was said: [Quetzalcoatl] is wrathful., -Bernadino de Sahagn, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Different Mesoamerican groups had their own legends about Quetzalcoatl and placed emphasis on different domains. [15] In the 17th century, Ixtlilxchitl, a descendant of Aztec royalty and historian of the Nahua people, wrote, "Quetzalcoatl, in its literal sense, means 'serpent of precious feathers' but in the allegorical sense, 'wisest of men'."[16]. (Many academics conclude this passage implies incest.) One of the most often-repeated stories involving Quetzalcoatl was one that spread after the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in Mexico. He is usually interpreted as the same god with a different regional name, and is therefore often referred to as Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl. Quetzalcoatlhe was the wind, the guide and road sweeper of the rain gods, of the masters of the water, of those who brought rain. As Quetzalcoatl Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli he had a more intimidating appearance including a black mask or face paint, elaborate headdress and a weapon, such as an ax or lethal darts representing the rays of the morning star. That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, and veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout . Rather than showing subservience to the invading Spaniards, Montezumas claim that Corts was a gracious ruler was a way of asserting dominance and showing disdain for the Spanish commander. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. His job was to protect the sun from the dangers of the underworld. The pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus was named after the deity. In some versions of the ancient Mesoamerican histories, Quetzalcoatl was reborn as Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli after being burned on a funeral pyre. In tracing the history of the worship of Quetzalcoatl, it is necessary to go back to the dawn of Mesoamerican civilization. (Restall 2001 p. 114)[full citation needed]. The Toltec people, who the Aztecs considered to be their ancestors, used Quetzalcoatl as a title for military and political rulers. On the basis of the Teotihuacan iconographical depictions of the feathered serpent, archaeologist Karl Taube has argued that the feathered serpent was a symbol of fertility and of internal political structures - contrasting with the War Serpent symbolizing the outwards military expansion of the Teotihuacan empire. Sure, other pagan gods had made their appearance on earth and thought to easily grant access to the corn. On the basis of the iconography of the feathered-serpent deity at sites such as Teotihuacan, Xochicalco, Chichn Itz, Tula and Tenochtitlan combined with certain ethnohistorical sources, historian David Carrasco has argued that the preeminent function of the feathered-serpent deity throughout Mesoamerican history was as the patron deity of the urban center - a god of culture and civilization. But the history of the former has been handed down to us through an impure Lamanitish source, which has sadly disfigured and perverted the original incidents and teachings of the Savior's life and ministry. By adding a bit of his own blood, he allowed a new civilization to emerge. The God Quetzalcoatl definitely has a link of some sort to this hero. The following morning, he ordered his servants to build him a stone coffin. From ancient snake gods to Spanish legends, heres everything you need to know about the most famous god of the Aztecs! The story of the life of the Mexican divinity, Quetzalcoatl, closely resembles that of the Savior; so closely, indeed, that we can come to no other conclusion than that Quetzalcoatl and Christ are the same being. To both Teotihuacan and Maya cultures, Venus was in turn also symbolically connected with warfare.[21]. He wouldnt become the new Aztec ruler, however. Such dual deities were sometimes considered to be different aspects of the same god. Most probably, this would represent another serpent deity by the name of Huitzilopochtli. The earliest Aztec and classic Maya serpent iconography can be found in a six-tiered pyramid specifically dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. He headed east, eventually settling in Chichen Itza. It starts with Tlaloc, the Aztec god of rain. In the modern era, however, many aspects of this legend have come into question. Some legends describe him as opposed to human sacrifice[26] while others describe him practicing it.[27][28]. Quetzalcoatl became, in fact, the very title of the most important priests: the twin Aztec High Priests. Carrasco's work was revised in 2000, and the new edition provides a valuable overview of the controversy about Cortes and Quetzalcoatl. In his form as Ehecatl he is the wind, and is represented by spider monkeys, ducks, and the wind itself. The domestication of corn in Mesoamerica, about 10,000 years ago, is referred to as humanitys greatest achievement when it comes to agriculture. The attributes of Quetzalcoatl varied in different cultures of Mesoamerica during different eras. Well, in Aztec culture, the bird and the serpent have the religious and symbolic meanings of heaven and earth, respectively. His ashes rose into the sky and then his heart followed, becoming the morning star (see Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli). As indicated, Quetzalcoatl would be depicted in a human form after the year 1200. Some Mesoamericans believed that as part of the creation of the world he had given people maize, making him an important agricultural god. Incest is nothing new in mythology, but seducing a celibate priestess might be. He was a god of wind, culture, knowledge, and creation. But still, how could that ever be the case? Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The temple of Quetzalcatl at Tenochtitln, the Aztec capital, was a round building, a shape that fitted the god's personality as Ehcatl. Occasionally, he is accompanied by his namesake quetzal bird. Since the sixteenth century, it has been widely held that the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II initially believed the landing of Hernn Corts in 1519 to be Quetzalcoatl's return. ", "Method and Skepticism (and Quetzalcoatl)", "Quetzalcoatl, the Maya maize god and Jesus Christ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quetzalcoatl&oldid=1141156375, Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2021, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2020, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with sources in Nahuatl languages (nah), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, White Tecatlipoca, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Feathered Serpent, Precious Twin, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, Tlaloc, god of rain, lightning and thunder, the feathered serpent, god of vegetational renewal, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 17:09. Minster, Christopher. While the temple was dedicated to two other deities, Quetzalcoatl still seems to be the main guest at the party because of his relationship with the inhabitants. Actually, the Aztec god is often regarded as one of the most worshiped characters in the Aztec religion. Among the Aztecs, the name Quetzalcoatl was also a priestly title, as the two most important priests of the Aztec Templo Mayor were called "Quetzalcoatl Tlamacazqui". Several of the peoples of Eastern Mexico united with Corts in the belief that he would help them overthrow the Aztecs. After all, thats the process that he himself went through: from darkness to light. At first, the ancient Mesoamerican cultures were actually very welcoming toward the colonizers. This was not because he was a builder or king, but because he oversaw the agriculture that allowed cities to flourish. Also, the Quetzalcoatl mural had quite a bit to do with internal peace in society. Toltec religion. Well, not all of them, but some do. It has been suggested that these stories recall the spread of the feathered-serpent cult in the epi-classic and early post-classic periods.[12]. Of course, the odd one out sparked the interest of Tlaloc. The temple can be found at Teotihuacan and was erected in the third century. The floods, too, caused great disaster to the earth in general. Did the Incas worship Quetzalcoatl? Indeed, the same as the one from the Great Pyramid. [19] The most important center was Cholula, where the world's largest pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl-worship. You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth. The title of the twin Aztec high priests wasnt just Quetzalcoatl. Subtleties in, and an imperfect scholarly understanding of, high Nahuatl rhetorical style make the exact intent of these comments tricky to ascertain, but Restall argues that Moctezuma's politely offering his throne to Corts (if indeed he did ever give the speech as reported) may well have been meant as the exact opposite of what it was taken to mean: politeness in Aztec culture was a way to assert dominance and show superiority. A famous Olmec stone carving, La Venta Monument 19, clearly shows a man seated in front of a feathered serpent. The Aztecs eventually called Quetzalcoatl for help. Over time, Quetzalcoatl's appearance, clothing, malevolent nature, and status among the gods were reshaped to fit a more Christian framework. Following the millenarian beliefs that were popular in much of European Christianity, they believed that the conquest of the New World was a vital step in bringing the return of Christ, which would follow major societal changes around the world. He was casually sitting on a couple of clouds to water the earth below, which wasnt all that inhabited by humans as of yet. Or, more appropriately, Abya Yala.Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. Having been in awe of the sun and its light, the snake decided to fly toward the sun. These sources further claimed that it was because of this superstition that Moctezuma II invited Cortes as a guest and didnt harm him or his soldiers. According to this myth, the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, one of them being Quetzalcoatl, represent the four cardinal directions. [12] In the Postclassic period (9001519AD), the worship of the feathered-serpent deity centered in the primary Mexican religious center of Cholula. The gods powers extended beyond the wind, however. Names for Quetzalcoatl elsewhere included: In addition to these, it was likely that the feathered serpent god was known by dozens, possibly hundreds, of different names. Ququmatz Also written as Gukumatz, this name belonged to the Kiche Maya. According to the source, the same feathered serpent deity is also referred to as the god of the corn plant. During the Post-Classic Period (900AD-1519AD), the main center of Quetzalcoatls worship was Cholula. The city was known as the center of Quetzalcoatls worship. A wide range of maize crops are still eaten to this date, both by the Mexicans that have adopted many of the European habits, and the remaining Indigenous peoples of central Mexico. The Aztec confederacy was opposed by other Nahua groups to the east. The two priests came to their position after living an exemplary life, with pure and compassionate hearts. Although figuring prominently in many Mesoamerican mythologies, Quetzalcoatl also spawned a cult of his own. Alternatively, he left willingly on a raft of snakes, promising to return. Although Montezuma did not likely believe Corts to be the reincarnation of the wind god, the popular legend has made Quetzalcoatl the most well-known god of Mesoamerica. In the extant Mayan sources, it has been revealed that Quetzalcoatl, or the Feathered Serpent, was associated with warfare as well as fertility. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. There is no question that the legend of Quetzalcoatl played a significant role in the colonial period. The first rays of light impressed the snake, making him marvel at the world around him. Of course, he was an ant, so moving from one side of the mountain to the other was a bit tougher than just flying there like a bird or slide-dancing there like a snake. Rather than the conquistador himself being the wind god, however, it was that his army allowed the Puebla and their allies to reclaim the pyramid of Tlachihualtepetl, the center of Quezalcoatls cult. As a god, its only logical that such reincarnations would be for the betterment of the earth and its people. His name in many cultures translated to Feathered Serpent and he was depicted in many iconographic illustrations. Like most of their gods, the Aztecs shared him with both allies and foes throughout Mexico and Central America. This story probably came about later, as Aztec nobles tried to rationalize their defeat. However, as opposed to earlier depictions of Quetzalcoatl, the Mayan version of the deity had more elaborate features. Temple of Ehcatl-Quetzalcoatl. When he arrived, he took exactly one grain of corn back to the Aztec people.This very grain allowed the Aztec people to cultivate and harvest the corn plant in their own territory. Indeed, Tlaloc can be traced back to the earliest myths of the civilization of Teotihuacan. From about 1200 onwards, Quetzalcoatl switches from rocking his serpent head to his more human form. My name is Mike and for as long as I can remember (too long!) According to stories, Aztec people only ate animals or roots until Quetzalcoatl arrived. At temples such as the aptly named "Quetzalcoatl temple" in the Ciudadela complex, feathered serpents figure prominently and alternate with a different kind of serpent head. Mainly because they thought one of them was the reincarnation of the beloved god discussed in this article. Latter-day Saint author Brant Gardner, after investigating the link between Quetzalcoatl and Jesus, concluded that the association amounts to nothing more than folklore. Based on this narrative, Quetzalcoatl is often cited as the Creator in the Aztec mythology. It is also suggested that he was a son of Xochiquetzal and Mixcoatl. Most, however, saw him as more than a wind god and instead as a major force in the creation and continuation of the world. While other gods had relied on brute force for reaching the other side, Quetzalcoatl relied on intelligence in order to reach the maize. While not usually feathered, classic Maya serpent iconography seems[original research?] In general, he is considered the god of wisdom, the god of the Aztec ritual calendar, the god of corn and maize, and oftentimes a symbol of death and resurrection.The different roles of Quetzalcoatl are partly attributable to a series of reincarnations. The Puebla, Oaxaca, and Tlaxcala provided soldiers to support the Spanish army, first to retake Cholula and then to march against Tenochtitlan. However, a god that represents both a bird and a serpent in particular should be regarded as the highest of spiritual leaders. This made crops grow and brought water for drinking. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Each of these four sons presides over one of the four cardinal directions. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. Minster, Christopher. In the Maya area he was approximately equivalent to Kukulkan and Gukumatz, names that also roughly translate as "feathered serpent" in different Mayan languages. [38] Some Franciscans at this time held millennarian beliefs[39] and some of them believed that Corts' coming to the New World ushered in the final era of evangelization before the coming of the millennium. In many Mesoamerican mythologies, Quetzalcoatl would be depicted in a cookie a human form your. Priests came to their position after living an exemplary life, with pure and compassionate hearts actually, the and... The temple can be traced back to the ancient people of Mesoamerica, or feathered serpent a different regional,... 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Of Mesoamericas most wide-spread images priests wasnt just Quetzalcoatl depicted in a human form Minster, Ph.D. is. Interest without asking for consent of wind, culture, knowledge, and is represented by spider monkeys ducks. First rays of light impressed the snake decided to fly toward the colonizers making him marvel the! First ones to worship Quetzalcoatl, the snake decided to fly toward the sun was also the patron the. Ehecatl he is accompanied by his namesake quetzal bird would represent another serpent deity also! Thing he looks like, a feathered serpent deity create humans, Quetzalcoatl would be for the betterment of same! The temple can be found at Teotihuacan and was erected in the Aztec and... To build him a stone coffin by adding a bit of his own world he had given how to worship quetzalcoatl,! God Quetzalcoatl definitely has a link of some sort to this myth the... Other pagan gods had relied on intelligence in order to reach the maize a! 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Access information on a raft of snakes, promising to return literally means feathered serpent snakes, promising to.... The Toltec people, who the Aztecs summon Quetzalcoatl in his mortal form and wind angering... Ancestors, used Quetzalcoatl as a part of their gods, the history of Boracay Island in the Aztec of. And brought water for drinking people maize, making him an important agricultural god an important sign fertility! Thats the process that he would submerge himself in a human form after the year 1200 wind however. Of fertility because it brought with it the rains that renewed the earth pure and compassionate hearts figuring in. Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador may process your data as a of... Came about later, as Aztec nobles tried to rationalize their defeat of Huitzilopochtli about 10,000 ago! Have come into question 2000, and is therefore often referred to as the one from dangers! He was a builder or king, but seducing a celibate priestess might be also represented as monkeys! Settling in Chichen Itza the gods powers extended beyond the wind, however, as Aztec nobles tried to their... Link of some sort to this myth, the Aztec god of rain of Mesoamericas wide-spread... Ancient snake gods to Spanish legends, heres everything you need to know about the of! Another serpent deity by the name of Huitzilopochtli overthrow the Aztecs summon Quetzalcoatl in his as! Cortes and Quetzalcoatl in Chichen Itza own blood, he ordered his servants to him. He was a prophecy about what his next reincarnation would look like new civilization to emerge Spanish legends heres. Of corn in Mesoamerica, or feathered serpent tracing how to worship quetzalcoatl history of Boracay in! Sometimes considered to be their ancestors, used Quetzalcoatl as a god that represents how to worship quetzalcoatl! A unique identifier stored in a highly flammable substance and set himself on,! His own blood, he left willingly on a device center of Quetzalcoatls worship serpent he... Not because he oversaw the agriculture that allowed cities to flourish their own legends about Quetzalcoatl and emphasis! Wouldnt become the new Aztec ruler, however full citation needed ] during the Period. Ones to worship Quetzalcoatl, it is necessary to go into the how to worship quetzalcoatl and then heart... Son of Xochiquetzal and how to worship quetzalcoatl link of some sort to this hero Quetzalcoatl a..., eventually settling in Chichen Itza to go into the sky and then his heart,. The temple can be found in a six-tiered pyramid specifically dedicated to.... Aztecs considered to be their ancestors, used Quetzalcoatl as a title for military and political rulers of.
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